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The Petronas Towers, also known as the Petronas Twin Towers (Malay: Menara Petronas, or Menara Berkembar Petronas), are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)'s official definition and ranking, they were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004 and remain the tallest twin towers in the world. The buildings are a landmark of Kuala Lumpur, along with nearby Kuala Lumpur Tower. ==History== The towers were designed by Argentine - North American architect César Pelli. They chose a distinctive postmodern style to create a 21st-century icon for Kuala Lumpur. Planning on the Petronas Towers started on 1 January 1992 and included rigorous tests and simulations of wind and structural loads on the design. Seven years of construction followed at the former site of the original Selangor Turf Club, beginning on 1 March 1993 with excavation, which involved moving 500 truckloads of earth every night to dig down below the surface. The construction of the superstructure commenced on 1 April 1994. Interiors with furniture were completed on 1 January 1996, the spires of Tower 1 and Tower 2 were completed on 1 March 1996, and the first batch of Petronas personnel moved into the building on 1 January 1997. The building was officially opened by the Prime Minister of Malaysia's Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad on 1 August 1999. The twin towers were built on the site of Kuala Lumpur's race track. Test boreholes found that the original construction site effectively sat on the edge of a cliff. One half of the site was decayed limestone while the other half was soft rock. The entire site was moved to allow the buildings to sit entirely on the soft rock.〔 Because of the depth of the bedrock, the buildings were built on the world's deepest foundations. 104 concrete piles, ranging from deep, were bored into the ground. The concrete raft foundation, comprising of concrete was continuously poured through a period of 54 hours for each tower. The raft is thick, weighs and held the world record for the largest concrete pour until 2007.〔 The foundations were completed within 12 months by Bachy Soletanche and required massive amounts of concrete. Its engineering designs on structural framework were contributed by Haitian engineer Domo Obiasse and colleagues Aris Battista and Princess D Battista. The Petronas Towers' structural system is a tube in tube design, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan.〔http://www.ctbuh.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=rlKQFdZyhwg%3D&tabid=1108&language=en-GB〕〔http://books.google.com/books?id=K792dXxSI4UC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=tube+in+tube+petronas+tower&source=bl&ots=syewKIO3i2&sig=4qMv8kQ4xWbdxA4DhhVOzC2w44E&hl=bn&sa=X&ei=syedU7XOBoL-PMDygagG&ved=0CFgQ6AEwDA#v=onepage&q=tube-in-tube%20principl&f=false〕 Applying a tube-structure for extreme tall buildings is a common phenomenon.〔http://www.support.tue.nl/archief/studiereizen/studiereis2007/pudong_swf_en.htm〕 The 88-floor towers are constructed largely of reinforced concrete, with a steel and glass facade designed to resemble motifs found in Islamic art, a reflection of Malaysia's Muslim religion.〔Wee, C. J. Wan-Ling, April Stonghold, James Parpan Almeda (2002). ''Local cultures and the "new Asia": the state, culture, and capitalism in Southeast Asia.'' Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 193.〕 Another Islamic influence on the design is that the cross section of the towers is based on a Rub el Hizb, albeit with circular sectors added to meet office space requirements. As a result of the Malaysian government specifying that the buildings be completed in six years, two construction consortiums were hired to meet the deadline, one for each tower. Tower 1, the west tower (right in the top-right photograph) was built by a Japanese consortium led by the Hazama Corporation (JA Jones Construction Co., MMC Engineering Services Sdn Bhd, Ho Hup Construction Co. Bhd and Mitsubishi Corp) while Tower 2, the east tower (left in the top-right photograph) was built by a South Korean consortium led by the Samsung C&T Corporation (Kukdong Engineering & Construction and Syarikat Jasatera Sdn Bhd). Early into construction a batch of concrete failed a routine strength test causing construction to come to a complete halt. All the completed floors were tested but it was found that only one had used a bad batch and it was demolished. As a result of the concrete failure, each new batch was tested before being poured. The halt in construction had cost US$700,000 per day and led to three separate concrete plants being set up on the site to ensure that if one produced a bad batch, the other two could continue to supply concrete. The sky bridge contract was completed by Kukdong Engineering & Construction. Tower 2 became the first to reach the world's tallest building at the time. When the structure reached about 72nd floor, tower 2 ran into problems. They discovered the structure was leaning off from vertical. To correct the lean, the next 16 floors were slanted back with specialist surveyors hired to check verticality twice a day until the building's completion.〔National Geographic Channel International / Caroline Anstey (2005), ''Megastructures: Petronas Twin Towers''〕 Due to the huge cost of importing steel, the towers were constructed on a cheaper radical design of super high-strength reinforced concrete.〔Wells, Matthew (2005). ''Skyscrapers: structure and design.'' Laurence King Publishing. p. 170.〕 High-strength concrete is a material familiar to Asian contractors and twice as effective as steel in sway reduction; however, it makes the building twice as heavy on its foundation as a comparable steel building. Supported by 23-by-23 metre concrete cores〔"Information Malaysia." (2005). Berita Publ. Sdn. Bhd.〕 and an outer ring of widely spaced super columns, the towers use a sophisticated structural system that accommodates its slender profile and provides 560,000 square metres of column-free office space.〔Taranath, Bungale S. (2004). ''Wind and earthquake resistant buildings: structural analysis and design.'' CRC Press. p. 748.〕 Below the twin towers is Suria KLCC, a shopping mall, and Dewan Filharmonik Petronas, the home of the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Petronas Towers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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